\n| \n General data<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n \u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n 2015<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n| \n Population<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n million<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n 77.7<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n| \n GDP<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n \u20ac\u00a0billion<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n 647.7<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\nTotal primary energy supply was 185.3\u00a0Mtce in 2015.\u00a0 With per-capita<\/i> energy use in Turkey still comparatively low at 1.7\u00a0tonnes of oil equivalent (compared with an EU-average of 3.2\u00a0toe), energy demand is expected to grow rapidly due to the growing economy and the demographic impact of a young population.<\/p>\n Turkey\u2019s indigenous energy resources consist almost exclusively of lignite and small amounts of hard coal.\u00a0 Together with coal imports, coal and lignite met 27.3% of total primary energy supply.\u00a0 At 30.2%, natural gas has the highest share in the energy mix, 99% imported.\u00a0 Oil accounted for 30.1% of energy supply in 2015, 89% imported.\u00a0 Overall, the country had an import dependency of 80% in 2015.<\/p>\n Turkey has large coal resources, in contrast to its limited oil and gas resources. \u00a0The Turkish coal sector produced 1.5\u00a0million tonnes of hard coal and 41.8\u00a0million tonnes of lignite in 2015, this being 41.8% of total primary energy production and was used mostly for power generation. \u00a0Coal imports have doubled since 2005 and stood at 31.5\u00a0million tonnes in 2015, again used mostly for power generation.<\/p>\n In total, Turkish coal-fired power plants had an installed capacity of approximately 15\u00a0200\u00a0MW at the end of 2015 (20.6% of total capacity).\u00a0 Hard coal-fired power plant installed capacity was 6\u00a0500\u00a0MW (8.8%) and the installed capacity using domestic lignite was 8\u00a0700\u00a0MW (11.8%).\u00a0 Turkey has embarked on an ambitious programme to build new power plants, some with the latest supercritical and circulating fluidised bed boiler technologies to burn mainly lignite and imported coal: \u00a0Izdemir Enerji (350\u00a0MW), ICDAS Elektrik (600\u00a0MW) and Atlas Enerji (600\u00a0MW) started operations in 2014; \u00a0Tufanbeyli Enerjisa (300\u00a0MW), Silopi (270\u00a0MW) and Bolu-G\u00f6yn\u00fck\u00a01 (135\u00a0MW) started operation in 2015; \u00a0and Bolu-G\u00f6yn\u00fck\u00a02 (135\u00a0MW) started operation in 2016.\u00a0 All new power plants must comply with the EU Large Combustion Plants Directive (2001\/80\/EC).<\/p>\n Another 7\u00a0000\u00a0MW of coal-fired power plants are under construction, this being the largest such construction programme outside China and India.\u00a0 In 2015 alone, the Turkish government approved the construction of three new coal-fired power plants, that will increase capacity by 2\u00a0480\u00a0MW:\u00a0 Filiz Enerji was given approval for a 1\u00a0200\u00a0MW coal plant in Canakkale on the Aegean coast;\u00a0 Ataka\u015f Energy received approval for a 680\u00a0MW power plant at \u0130skenderun on the Mediterranean coast;\u00a0 and IC\u00a0\u0130\u00e7ta\u015f Energy has permission for a 600\u00a0MW power plant near the city of Adana in the south of the country. \u00a0In 2016, Tosyal\u0131 Electricity received approval for another 1\u00a0200\u00a0MW power plant at \u0130skenderun.<\/p>\n In 2015, 72.1\u00a0TWh (27.8%) of Turkey\u2019s gross electricity production of 259.7\u00a0TWh was generated from hard coal (15.2%) and lignite (12.5%). \u00a0Of the remainder, 38.6% was provided by natural gas, 25.8% by hydropower, 0.8% by oil and the remaining 7.0% from waste, wind, geothermal and other renewable energy sources, including an insignificant quantity from solar. \u00a0Turkey, through its Vision 2023 strategy that marks the 100th<\/sup> anniversary of the Republic, aims to increase its domestic electricity production by constructing new lignite-fired power plants and raising the shares of wind and geothermal power.\u00a0 Two new nuclear power plants are under construction with a combined capacity of 9\u00a0200\u00a0MW.<\/p>\nTurkish lignite production has doubled over the last ten years while hard coal production remained insignificant and heavily subsidised.\u00a0 Coal is extracted by three state-owned enterprises \u2013 T\u00dcRKIYE K\u00d6M\u00dcR \u0130\u015eLETMELERI (TK\u0130 \u2013 Turkish Coal Enterprises), ELEKTRIK \u00dcRETIM (E\u00dcA\u015e \u2013 Electricity Generation Company) and T\u00dcRKIYE TA\u015eK\u00d6M\u00dcR\u00dc KURUMU (TTK \u2013 Turkish Hard Coal Enterprises) \u2013 and a growing number of private companies, some under contract to the state-owned companies.<\/p>\n Hard coal<\/b><\/p>\n Turkey\u2019s main hard coal deposits are located in the Zonguldak basin, between Ere\u011fli and Amasra on the Black Sea coast in north-western Turkey. \u00a0Hard coal resources in the basin are estimated at some 1.3\u00a0billion tonnes. The calorific value of hard coal reserves varies between 6\u00a0200 and 7\u00a0200\u00a0kcal\/kg.\u00a0 This coal basin is the only region in Turkey where hard coal is extracted and it has a very complex geological structure which makes mechanised coal production almost impossible and requires labour-intensive coal production methods.<\/p>\n The state-owned TTK has a de-facto<\/i> monopoly in the production, processing and distribution of hard coal, although there are no legal restrictions on private sector involvement. \u00a0TTK operates five deep mines in the Zonguldak coal basin and produced approximately 1.5\u00a0million tonnes of saleable coal in 2015, supplying the 300\u00a0MW Catala\u011fz\u0131 thermal power plant owned by Bereket Energy as well as other customers.<\/p>\n In 2015, Turkey also imported 31.5\u00a0million tonnes of hard coal for thermal power plants, steel production, industry and domestic heating purposes \u2013 one third from Russia, one third from Colombia and smaller quantities from South Africa (15%), Australia (8%) and elsewhere. \u00a0Coal imports to Turkey are expected to continue to increase in the future.<\/p>\n At Silopi near the Iraqi border, the third unit of Ciner Group\u2019s 405\u00a0MW asphaltite-fired power plant was commissioned in 2015 by China National Machinery Engineering Corporation.<\/p>\n Lignite<\/b><\/p>\n Lignite is Turkey\u2019s most important indigenous energy resource, with proven reserves of 15.6\u00a0billion tonnes.\u00a0 Deposits are spread across the country, the most important one being the Af\u015fin-Elbistan lignite basin of south-eastern Anatolia, near the city of Mara\u015f where the economic reserves are estimated at around 7\u00a0billion tonnes.\u00a0 The Soma basin is the second-largest lignite mining area in Turkey.\u00a0 Other exploited deposits are located in: \u00a0Mu\u011fla province with the Yenik\u00f6y lignite facility at \u00d6ren (Milas) and the South Aegean lignite facility at Yata\u011fan; \u00a0K\u00fctahya province with the Seyit\u00f6mer lignite facility at Seyit\u00f6mer and the Tun\u00e7bilek mining centre at Tav\u015fanl\u0131; \u00a0\u00c7anakkale province with the \u00c7an lignite facility;\u00a0 Bursa province with the Bursa lignite facility at Orhaneli; \u00a0and Konya province with the Ilg\u0131n lignite facility.\u00a0 The quality of Turkish lignite is generally very poor and only around 5.1% of existing reserves have a heat content of more than 3\u00a0000\u00a0kcal\/kg (12\u00a0500\u00a0kJ\/kg).\u00a0 A project to explore new deposits was initiated in 2005.\u00a0 By 2015, 7.38\u00a0billion tonnes of new reserves had been proven.<\/p>\n The scale of Turkey\u2019s surface mining operations allows lignite to be produced at a relatively low cost, making it competitive with imported energy resources.\u00a0 In 2015, lignite output totalled 41.8\u00a0million tonnes, far below the 59.6\u00a0million tonnes of 2014. \u00a0Most of Turkey\u2019s lignite production is from opencast mines.\u00a0 However, there are some underground mining activities, mainly in the Soma, Tun\u00e7bilek and Beypazar\u0131 basins. The drop in production in 2015 was due to the tragic accident at Soma mine in May 2014 and the subsequent safety measures taken across the mining industry.<\/p>\n TK\u0130 is working in collaboration with T\u00dcB\u0130TAK, the Turkish Scientific and Technical Research Council, and other international partners on lignite drying and gasification research projects, some partly supported by the EU.<\/p>\n Turkey<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n| \n Coal resources and reserves<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n \u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n \u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n| \n Total resources hard coal<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n Mt<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n 1\u00a0300<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n| \n Total resources lignite<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n Mt<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n 16\u00a0000<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n| \n Reserves hard coal<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n Mt<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n 380<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n| \n Reserves lignite<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n Mt<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n 15\u00a0600<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n| \n Primary energy production<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n \u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n 2015<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n| \n Total primary energy production<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n Mtce<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n 45.9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n| \n Hard coal (saleable output)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n Mt \/ Mtce<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n 1.5 \/ 1.2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n| \n Lignite (saleable output)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n Mt \/ Mtce<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n 41.8 \/ 14.0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n| \n Saleable coal quality<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n \u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n \u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n| \n Hard coal net calorific value<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n kJ\/kg<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n 26\u00a0000\u201130\u00a0000<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n| \n Lignite net calorific value<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n kJ\/kg<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n 8\u00a0665<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n| \n Hard coal ash content<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n % a.r.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n 10.0\u201115.0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n| \n Lignite ash content<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n % a.r.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n 11.0\u201146.0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n| \n Hard coal moisture content<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n % a.r.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n 4.0\u201114.0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n| \n Lignite moisture content<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n % a.r.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n 6.0\u201155.0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n| \n Hard coal sulphur content<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n % a.r.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n 0.8\u20111.0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n| \n Lignite sulphur content<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n % a.r.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n 0.2\u20115.0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n| \n Coal imports \/ exports<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n \u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n 2015<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n| \n Hard coal imports<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n Mt<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n 31.5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n| \n Primary energy consumption<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n \u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n 2015<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n| \n Total primary energy consumption<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n Mtce<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n 185.3<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n| \n Hard coal consumption<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n Mtce<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n 33.2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n| \n Lignite consumption<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n Mtce<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n 16.9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n| \n Power supply<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n \u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n 2015<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n| \n Total gross power generation<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n TWh<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n 259.7<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n| \n Net power imports (exports)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n TWh<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n 4.4<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n| \n Total power consumption<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n TWh<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n 264.1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n| \n Power generation from hard coal<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n TWh<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n 39.6<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n| \n Power generation from lignite<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n TWh<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n 32.6<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n| \n Hard coal power generation capacity<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n MW<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n 6\u00a0500<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n| \n Lignite power generation capacity<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n MW<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n 8\u00a0700<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n| \n Employment<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n \u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n 2015<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n| \n Direct in hard coal mining<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n thousand<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n 15.668<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n| \n Direct in lignite mining<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n thousand<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n 28.856<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Turkey is a large country with a population surpassed only by Germany in the European Union.\u00a0 GDP growth was around 7.3% in 2015 and averaged 5.5% from 2000 to 2015.\u00a0 The Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources (MENR) is responsible for the preparation and implementation of energy policies, plans and programmes in co\u2011ordination with its 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![\"turkey_round_icon_640\"](\"https:\/\/pipe.euracoal.biz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/turkey_round_icon_640.png?w=150\"){kind=icon}
Turkey is a large country with a population surpassed only by Germany in the European Union.\u00a0 GDP growth was around 7.3% in 2015 and averaged 5.5% from 2000 to 2015.\u00a0 The Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources (MENR) is responsible for the preparation and implementation of energy policies, plans and programmes in co\u2011ordination with its affiliated institutions and other public and private entities.\u00a0 It has statutory duties covering coal mines, power stations and the electricity grid.<\/p>\n![\"tr\"](\"https:\/\/pipe.euracoal.biz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/tr.jpg?w=474\")
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